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sustainable                                                                                                                            sustainable                                                                                                    social impact of


                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              sustainable tourism
                                                                                                                                               tourism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              development (std)
                                                                                                                                               The World Tourism Organization defines
        tourism                                                               community                                                         “tourism that takes full account of                                                                           Social Exchange Theory (SET) has        Previous studies have extensively
                                                                                                                                               sustainable tourism as
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              gained prominence in sociology and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      delved into the perceived effects of
                                                                                                                                               its current and future economic,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      tourism devel-opment on indigenous
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              social psychol-ogy literature, being
                                                                                                                                               social and environmental impacts,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              regarded as one of the earliest thesis’
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      communities, revealing both positive and
                                                                              enagement
                                                                                                                                               addressing the needs of visitors, the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              of social behaviour. Originating from the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      negative effects. The establishment and
                                                                                                                                               industry, the environment and host
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      growth of local
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              standpoint of economics, particularly
                                                                              & recreation
                                                                                                                                               communities”.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              individual theory, the ex-change
        growing industries and an important  8%                                                                                                In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable                                                                             behaviour school of social exchange     tourism industries, coupled with in-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      creased infrastructure and interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              theory, pioneered by Homans, postulates
                                                                                                                                               Development SDG target 8.9, aims to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              that “Within conditions of free competition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      with tourists, directly influence
         tourism and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              and open markets, individuals may
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      communities, often resulting in shifts in
                                                                                                                                                “by 2030, devise and implement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ration-ally assess and pursue maximum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      values, behaviour patterns, lifestyles,
         climate impact
                                                                                                                                               policies to promote sustainable
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      and residents’ overall quality of life.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              utility from a transaction or exchange”.
                                                                                                                                               tourism that creates jobs and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Positive outcomes for host communities
                                                                                                                                               promotes local culture and products”.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Put simply, individuals will engage in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      encompass heightened fam-ily incomes,
        Tourism is one of the world’s fastest
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      job opportunities, and augmented tax
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              valuable and believe that the perceived
                                                                                                                                               is also highlighted in SDG target 12.b.
        source of foreign exchange and                                                                                                         The importance of sustainable tourism                                                                          an exchange if they find the rewards    improved living standards, enhanced
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      revenues. Additionally, tourism fosters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              benefits outweigh the costs. Applied
        employment, while being closely linked to   of global                                                                                  which aims to                                                                                                  to various domains, including research   the availability of recreational ameni-ties
        the social, economic, and environmental   greenhouse gas                                                                                                                                                                                              on tourism planning and development
        well-being of many countries, especially   emissions                                                                                    “develop and implement tools to                                                                               attitudes, social exchange theory
        developing countries.                                                                                                                  monitor sustainable development                                                                                rationalises the impact of value        Hence, advocating for a holistic, bottom-
                                                                                                                                               impacts for sustainable tourism that                                                                                                                   up ap-proach, wherein communities
        A study published in 2018 by Nature                                                                                                    creates jobs and promotes local                                                                                exchanges on behavioural attitudes.     are granted greater social power, can
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              The SET theoretical framework serves to
        Climate Change suggested that tourism                                                                                                  culture and products”.                                                                                         demonstrate both positive and negative   facilitate improved decision-making and
        accounts for 8% of global greenhouse                                                                                                                                                                                                                  perceptions within host communities.    foster local capacity building. Ultimately,
        gas emissions, which is a very large                                                                                                   The World Tourism Organization defines                                                                         According to it, the residents’ in-clination   empowered communi-ties are better
        percentage when we consider all of the                                                                                                 sustainable tourism as                                                                                         to support tourism development hinges   positioned to harness the inherent
        possible sources of emissions. For this                                                                                                                                                                                                               on their perception of whether the      benefits of sustainable tourism devel-
        reason, it’s clear that we need to move                                                                                                 “tourism that takes full account of                                                                           benefits outweigh the costs incurred by   opment initiatives.
        towards a more sustainable tourism                                                                                                     its current and future economic,                                                                               development. Thus, understanding this
        model,                                                                                                                                 social and environmental impacts,                                                                              balance of perceived benefits and costs
                                                                                                                                               addressing the needs of visitors, the                                                                          is crucial in gathering community support
         Maritime or ocean-related tourism, as                                                                                                 industry, the environment and host                                                                             for tourism initiatives.
        well as coastal tourism, are for example                                                                                               communities”.
        vital sectors of the economy in small
        island developing States (SIDS) and                                                                                                    In the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
        coastal least developed countries.    source - nature climate change, 2018  source - wto annual report, 2016
        India and                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             community                               Thus, achieving sustainable tourism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      development (STD) in communities
        sustainable                                                                                                                                                                             “                                                             based tourism                           necessitates a bal-ance of authority,
        tourism                                                                                                                                                                                 maximize                                                      - community engagement &                ownership and power in the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      tourist-resident relationship, with
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      a focus on enhancing residents’
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              empowerment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      empowerment.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              as an effective means to alleviate
        Sustainable tourism practices in India                                                                                                                                                  social &                                                      While tourism has been recognized       Empowerment, as evidenced by
        are not new, bound together by the                                                                                                                                                                                                                    poverty by bol-stering local economies,  research, serves as a valuable tool
        twin travel dicta of Bharat Darshan                                                                                                                                                     economic                                                      its development has often come at       in enhancing the capacities and
        and Atithi Devo Bhava, now known                                                                                                                                                                                                                      the expense of traditional culture      strengths of local communities,
        the world over through the medium of                                                                                                                                                                                                                  and residents’ way of life. In the initial   both at individual and collective lev-
        the Incredible !ndia campaign.                                                                                                                                                                                                                        stages of tourism growth, communi-      els.
                                                                                                                                                                                                benefits to                                                   ties have faced consequences of
        In India, the travel and tourism                                                                                                                                                                                                                      adverse effects on social, cultural, and   However, it requires collective
        sector is estimated to create 78 jobs                                                                                                                                                                                                                 environmental fronts, with economic     engagement and action among
        per million rupees of investment,                                                                                                                                                       the local                                                     benefits lagging behind.                community members, rather
        compared to 45 jobs in the
        manufacturing sector for similar                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Consequently, the concept of com-       than individual efforts, to be truly
        investment. Along with construction,                                                                                                                                                    community                                                     munity-based tourism emerged as         effective. In the tourism devel-
        it is one of the largest sectors of the                                                                                                                                                                                                               a response, aiming to enhance the       opment context, community
        service industry in India.                                                                                                                                                                                                                            well-being of local residents while     empowerment emerges as a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              preserving cultural heritage and natural   critical element in driving STD
        Sustainable Tourism Criteria for                                                                                                                                                        & minimize                                                    resources through strategic planning    initiatives forward.
        India Committee                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       and management. In community-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              based tourism, where indigenous
        In India, the tourism sector is based                                                                                                                                                   negative                                                      resi-dents play a pivotal role as direct   It is often reasoned that employing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      a top-down approach to tourism
        on its unique endowments of                                                                                                                                                                                                                           interaction points with tourists and as   planning frequently results in
        biodiversity, forests, rivers, and its rich                                                                                                                                                                                                           key stakehold-ers, fostering a positive
        culture and heritage.  The challenges                                                                                                                                                   impact.                                                       perception and attitude toward tourism   conflicting interests between
        in this sector lie in successfully                                                                                                                                                                                                                    is paramount.                           planners and indigenous
        preserving these in their original                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            communities, thereby impeding
        form, and making them accessible to                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Here, the notion of empowerment         community engagement and
        domestic and international travelers,                                                                                                                                                                                 ”                               emerges as a crucial element in         the overall progress of tourism
        together with safeguarding the economic                                                                                                                                                                                                               shaping residents’ percep-tions of      development.
        interest and heritage of local communities                                                                                                                                                                                                            tourism’s impact and their overall
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              attitude toward tourism development.
        global examples                                                                                                global examples
                                                                                                                                                                         Mdumbi


        a solar powered                                                                                                a community run

        resort in Fiji                                                                                                 backpacker in


                                                             bridge                                                    South Africa


        Six Senses Fiji, located on the tropical                                                                       Mdumbi, a backpackers on the Wild Coast
        Malolo Island, is a five star resort with                                                                      of South Africa, aims to promote “community
        sustainable luxury and cultural awareness                                                                      involvement and sustainable eco-tourism”. The
        at its core. The resort runs on 100%                                                                           backpacker prides itself in being fused with
        solar power, equipped with rainwater                 “the divide                                               the amaXhosa culture of the Eastern Cape,
        capture and its own onsite water-filtration                                                                    situated deep in the heart of a traditional village.
        site to eliminate the use of single-use
        plastic bottles. The resort aims to be as            between remote                                            With a number of sustainability interventions
        low-waste as possible, encouraging the                                                                         onsite such as energy efficiency, solar
        principles of reuse whilst also practicing                                                                     power and waste management, Mdumbi
        recycling and composting with a “worm-               communities,                                              has a unique ownership model, with the
        based septic system” and growing as                                                                            local employees, the amaxhosa community
        much of its own herbs and vegetables as                                                                        association, and TransCape (Mdumbi’s
        possible.                                            government                                                affiliated NPO) all holding shares in the
        All handiwork and artwork at the hotel has                                                                     business.
        been produced by local villagers and                 and the private                                           Mdumbi’s NPO, TransCape, aims “to
        the hotel supports the Rise Beyond the                                                                         provide access to the resources, support,
        Reef Charity which aims to bridge “the                                                                         and knowledge necessary for communities
        divide between remote communities,                   sector”                                                   to initiate the process of change towards a
        government and the private sector in                                                                           better quality of life.” In 2017, the Backpacker
        the South Pacific, sustainably creating a                                                                      was also awarded a silver prize by the World
        better world for women and children.”                                                                          Responsible Tourism Awards for best in
                                                                                                                       poverty reduction.

         India and                                                                                                                                                                                                                   the case of manori

         sustainable
         tourism                                                                                                                                                                                                                     tourism development, there’s a notable desire for
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     improved recreation infrastructure and other basic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     amenities within the community. Despite some   “
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     concerns and challenges identified, there is a pre-
         thenmala, kerala                                                                                                                                                                                                            the population. Moving forward aligning sustainable  I hope
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     vailing sense of optimism and civic support for
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     tourism development among a signifi-cant portion of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     and inclusive ur-ban planning and development
         Thenmala Ecotourism Site stands as a                                                                                                                                                                                        strategies with the diverse needs and preferences   whatever
         beacon of sustainable tourism, proudly                                                                                                                                                                                      of both urban and indigenous populations, will
         holding the title of India’s inaugural planned                                                                                                                                                                              be crucial for fostering community well-being and
         ecotourism destination. Renowned for its                                                                                                                                                                                    empowerment.                                   development
         commitment to environmental preservation,                                                                                                                                                                                   The existing proposals and planning for the M-G-U
         this award-winning project is meticulously                                                                                                                                                                                  RTDZ are mostly focused to ad-dress the recreational
         designed to harmonize with its surroundings                                                                                                                                                                                 and tourism development needs of the urban
         without causing any harm to the delicate                                                                                                                                                                                    settlements of North Mumbai. A lack of adequate   happens, my
         ecosystem. Nestled within a sprawling                                                                                                                                                                                       recreational infrastructure is evident in the study done
         expanse of 60 acres, the region boasts a                                                                                                                                                                                    above and tackling the recreational needs of the
         diverse landscape comprising lush forests,                                                                                                                                                                                  greater urban population is a valid priority. However,
         tranquil swamps, and expansive grasslands,                                                                                                                                                                                  the development plans and Development Control   children are
         creating a haven for biodiversity to thrive.                                                                                                                                                                                Regulations (DCR) for M-G-U Notified RTDZ region
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     fall short in considering the needs, require-ments and
         Visitors to Thenmala Ecotourism Site are                                                                                                                                                                                    development that benefits the urban population  benfited by it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     aspirations of the indigenous population of the fishing
         greeted with a plethora of immersive                                                                                                                                                                                        village of Manori. Constant infrastructure and tourism
         experiences,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     of greater Mumbai has led to the indigenous
         trekking                                                                                                                                                                                                                    residents being intolerant to these planning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     strategies. Therefore, Community engagement and
         cycling                                                                                                                                                                                                                     empowerment needs to be a major priority for all   ramesh koli,                          ”
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     recreational and tourism development approaches.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     Community partici-patory tourism and recreational
         adventure sports                                                                                                                                                                                                            infrastructure that - employs the residents, improves   a native fisherman
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     economic growth and enhances socio-cultural
         boating                                                                                                                                                                                                                     values, would lead to greater acceptance of the
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     indigenous population to any future developments.
         shopping                                                                                                                                                                                                                    The success of future recrea-tion and tourism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     infrastructure in the region therefore needs to be
         camping                                                                                                                                                                                                                     rooted in sustainable and inclusive community-based
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     empowerment and participatory strategies.


        India and

        sustainable
        tourism



        kovalam, chennai




        Kovalam or Covelong, a small fishing
        village located in the Coromandel Coast
        of the Bay ofBengal, is famous for its
        splendid scenic beauty, pristine beach,
        blue water and white Sand. Inthe recent
        past, Kovalam became one of the
        prominent tourism destinations in India
        for its watersports tourism activities in
        and around the village. Sustenance of
        Livelihood after Tsunami in 2016 got
        newer-dimensions and the primary being
        Tourism. Sustenance of Livelihood after
        Tsunami in 2016 got newer-dimensions
        and the primary being Tourism.  In the
        past five years Tourism hasshouldered
        the sustainable livelihood for this
        village and has enhanced reasonable
        economicdevelopment.

        source - SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD
        THROUGH TOURISM: A CASE STUDY
        OF KOVALAM, ECR, TAMIL NADU.



        surfing

        fishing
        shopping

        arts+crafts

        concerts + festivals
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