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The slope of the lunar surface is crucial for determining suitable locations for habitation and

human activities. A relatively flat terrain ensures safe spacecraft landings and stable conditions

for structures and equipment, minimizing risks associated with unstable surfaces or terrain

hazards. Additionally, a moderate slope facilitates easier exploration and mining operations,

providing access to valuable resources like water ice and minerals beneath the surface. The

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slope also influences the exposure to sunlight, affecting the efficiency of solar energy

harvesting. A favorable slope maximizes the duration and intensity of sunlight received,

enhancing the performance of solar panels and energy systems. Furthermore, the slope impacts

the thermal characteristics of the lunar surface, influencing temperature variations experienced

throughout the lunar day. Proper evaluation and selection of suitable slope locations are

essential for ensuring the safety, accessibility, and feasibility of establishing successful and

sustainable human habitats and activities on the Moon.

The slope of the terrain. Although the ideal base site would have a flat surface, even moderate

slope angles may still be considered reasonably safe, depending on the task. A slope of 7 degree

would allow spacecraft landing, while mobile surface operations (i.e., astronaut- only extra-

vehicular activities [EVAs]) are rather safe on up to 15-degree slopes.

3.1.3. Permanently shadowed regions (PSR)

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